There are three types of fifths based on the number of semitones above the root the fifth lies:
Perfect fifths (7 semitones)
Diminished fifths (6 semitones)
Augmented fifths (8 semitones)
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“When you’ve got nothing, you’ve got nothing to lose.” … Bob Dylan
The Circle of Fifths
The Circle of Fifths represents a shortcut for songwriters and musicians. It is usually intimidating to learn and understand it. When the concept is finally understood and memorized, it will open your creativity and enhance your playing through the key signatures and chord changes.
The Basic Building Blocks of the Circle of Fifths
The important part is exposure. Knowing this tool exists is half the battle. Seeing it and working with it over and over is how mastery occurs, just like playing your instrument and writing songs. Apply that same energy here and everything else you do musically will benefit greatly. Almost all Western music follows the following patterns, and even other cultural styles follow the same concepts in their own way. It can be used for tons of modes like your typical Ionian major scale, Lydion, Dorian, Phrygian, etc. Once you can manipulate it in your mind, the doors are blown wide open for sophisticated songwriting.
The first of these patterns is the key signature. A key is a set of seven notes collectively called a scale. The scale is built by a specific relationship between the notes. These relationships are different depending on if you're in a major or minor scale, for instance (and it goes deeper, but thankfully we're sticking to the diatonic scale!).
When you hit the eighth note, you're back to the start of the scale on the first note which is called the tonic. But now you are one octave higher. If you play the tonic and the first octave above it, you'll hear the same tone twice with one higher in frequency in unison. But they still sound great.
Chords are built with a grouping of notes played together that are all consonant and pleasing. The basic form of a chord is the root of the chord, plus the third above it, and then the fifth above the root as well. You can then duplicate a note, usually the root, to use as a bass note to form a bass melody, and you can even invert chords and other tricks. It's all built on chords and easier than it sounds.
This is called consonance. Due to the mathematical relation between the notes they sound pleasing together to our ears. It's called dissonance when they seem to clash.
In the Circle of Fifths, we only deal with perfect fifths going clockwise around the circle. If you move counter-clockwise you’ll find the perfect fourth from the root, which is why you rarely but sometimes hear this referred to as the Circle of Fourths.
It makes more sense to rotate to the right and think with the perfect fifth interval, which is why everyone does it that way (like how a clock works). It follows the Western equal temperament system of tuning we all use in tonal music.
A QUICK MUSIC THEORY DETOUR
It should be pointed out that although I’m talking about the 7 scale degrees above, the circle includes all 12 tones of the chromatic scale. Some will include the key signature of every major and minor key too.
If you want to dig deeper, look up the concept of pitch-class space and pitch class, both built on this same chromatic circle.
It’s a perfect way to use geometry to visualize the relationship between tons of musical concepts, especially consonance and dissonance, especially in the ideas of “structure implies multiplicity” and “cardinality equals variety.”
Even in equal temperament tuning systems it works cleanly, closing the circle perfectly by slightly flattening the perfect fifth to a 3:2 interval ratio (with respect to its just intonation).
The truth is, without this flattening it misses closing the circle by 23.46 cents, which is about 1/4th of a semitone, which is exactly the Pythagorean comma interval.
If you’re enjoying this adventure so far, you’ll like looking up Pythagorean tuning and the wolf fifth, an incredibly dissonant interval. There’s so much to this, even in non-equal tuning systems like the quarter-comma meantone tuning system, 5-limit tuning, and 53 equal temperament.
Examples for Using the Circle of 5ths
This thing wouldn’t have stuck around since the 17th century if composers didn’t have real world uses for it, like harmonizing melodies, building chords, modulating to another musical key, etc. It lays out diatonic function completely.
Musical theorist Richard Franko Goldman maintains that the Circle of 5ths is valid from J. S. Bach to Richard Wagner. All of the work of the greats through time can be translated to fit the circle.
The entire common practice period starting with Baroque music all the way up to the Barbershop Harmony Society uses it, and even The Beatles and Carlos Santana. Don’t let anyone pooh-pooh it (they just don’t want to learn it).
CHORD PROGRESSIONS
The most popular chord progression in the world, in which most pop music recycles over and over is the:
I – IV – V – I
When you look at the progression above, you’ll notice two things… these are Roman numerals and they are all using capital letters to denote each scale degree.
Roman numerals are used in music theory to indicate notes in a scale and chord and in this case the chords in the key. There are major chords and minor chords, which are denoted with capital letters and lower-case letters, respectively.
CHORD PROGRESSIONS
This means we are looking at the major chords of a key built on the tonic, the fourth, and the fifth. If you proceed through them one measure at a time in each of the main 12 major and 12 minor keys of Western music, you’ll recognize each immediately. You’ll likely hear a cadence you know, too. Praise tonality.
Now, what’s interesting is if you find the tonic of your key on the Circle, you’ve already found the 4th chord and the 5th chord in the key and can construct a catchy song in less than 10 seconds.
Find the tonic of your key. In one example lets use the common folk key of G-Major. If you move one step clockwise, you find the 5th chord of the G-Major key. If you move one step counter-clockwise, you’ve found the 4th chord.
Each key only has 3 major chords in it. You just identified all three almost immediately with help from our friend, the Circle. You’ll notice if you take one more step out in either direction you find the 2nd and 7th Chords. This half of your circle expands your chord choices in creating progressions.
If you stick to this side of the circle you’re guaranteed to have a nice, consonant chord progression for your song and can easily create cadences and even write harmony. Of course you can use others but it requires some study and skill to do it effectively.
Remember how I mentioned harmonic function above? Musically, you can see and hear that the dominant chord (V) is closer to the tonic that the supertonic chord (ii), even though if you look at the musical staff you’d think otherwise. This is another example of how useful the Circle of Fifths is, especially once explained.
This tells us that an authentic cadence like I – ii – V – I feels more resolved (has more resolution) than a plagal cadence like I – IV – I.
The reason for this is that, even though the V chord and IV chord are both “one step” away from the tonic physically on the circle, the IV chord is the furthest away if you consider the distance going clockwise around the circle. Interesting stuff. Whoever created this diagram is a genius.
FINDING THE RELATIVE MINOR OR MAJOR OF A KEY
Every major key has a relative minor key. What this means is that both keys use the exact same notes, including any accidentals (sharps or flats).
The difference is they have a different tonic and the distance relationship between the notes is changed a bit. Since they are the same notes though, this distance won’t impede you from using the relative key.
Pro-Tip: A great way to write a bridge to a song is to use the relative minor or major key. It will sound familiar due to the same notes being used but give you the opposite mood of the song. It’s a nice juxtaposition that you can use as a surprise that leads right back into a chorus with the right lyrics.
In your mind, all you have to do to find the relative minor of a major key is to move 90 degrees to the right (or 3 steps clockwise) and you’ve found it. To move from a minor key to the relative major is the opposite. Move 90 degrees counter-clockwise (or 3 steps left) and you’re done.
If you have a Circle labeled, then you can find the relative minor key on the inside of the circle, where C-Major’s relative minor is A-Minor, G-Major’s relative minor is E-minor, and so forth:
There is one snag to this method that solves itself as you work with the Circle of 5ths. The naming convention for major keys will usually use a flat accidental, such as Eb (to be read as E-flat), except for F# (F-sharp).
Minor keys largely use sharp accidentals to name the keys except for Bb. The reason has to do with the count of semitones when constructing the chords.
So for instance, D-flat major key may have Db as it’s root, but the minor key C-sharp major does as well. Because C# and Db are the exact same note, just named differently.
Once you become more familiar with the 12 major keys and 12 minor keys you’ll know which name to use (and thus which key signature you’re using).
TRANSPOSING SONGS ON THE FLY USING THE CIRCLE
If you know the melody of a song and just need to plink out the chords on a piano or strum them on a guitar so your group of non-musician friends can sing along, you can transpose a song quickly if needed, all in your head.
A common use for transposition is when a song is a bit out of range for a vocalist. It’s very similar to modulation, to the point where people get confused and used the words interchangeably.
All that you need to do is find the tonic of the key you want to use (usually one or two steps above or below the current key) and you can snag the chords right off of the circle.
This is just like with our chord progressions example above. If you know the song is a I – IV – V – I, then all you have to do is find your new key, and the tonic is I, one step left is the IV, and one step right is the V.
Let’s switch from a C-Major song with the I – IV – V – I progression to the same in B-Major:
So by rotating the Circle you can immediately jump to another key!
You memorize this quickly after doing it a few times. But there’s nothing wrong with having the circle printed and folded up in your pocket either.
KNOWING WHERE TO PUT THESE ACCIDENTALS ON THE CIRCLE
Although we’ve provided an easy to read chart at the bottom of the poster, as seen below, you can memorize the pattern of how many sharps and flats each key has and the order of their appearance on the staff.
The first clue is that the order of accidentals cycles around the Circle clockwise for sharps or counter-clockwise for flats. They both follow this pattern, which is easy to memorize thanks to the word “bead” being in there:
BEADGCF
That is the exact order of the addition of flats. Run it backwards and you have the order of sharps!
COUNTING THE SHARPS & FLATS IN EACH KEY
It’s a crazy task to try to memorize which of these major or minor keys has what number of flats or sharps and on which notes! The Circle of Fifths helps us with this task.
Starting at C-Major (or 12 o’clock on the watch face of the circle), which is natural with no accidentals, every step you move clockwise adds one sharp to its key signature.
In this example that means G-Major has one sharp, D-Major has two sharps, A-Major has three sharps, and so on. This continues for seven steps until you’re back to no sharps.
Using the same method but moving counter-clockwise will add a flat for each step. So starting with the natural C-Major, one step brings us to F-Major with one flat. Another step takes us to B-flat Major with two flats. This continues to seven until you’re back to keys with no flats.
This works with the major keys on the outside of the Circle and their minor keys in the inside of the circle, with the understanding that you always start at “12 o’clock.”
KEY SIGNATURE TRICK FOR ACCIDENTAL LABELING
That’s useful if you’ve got time to count your way around the Circle, but here’s another shortcut to save you time. If you’re transcribing or someone asks you not only the number of accidentals but what they are for a particular key, you can use this trick…
For sharps, all you have to do is take the tonic of the key and subtract a semitone (a half-step). This leaves you with the last note in the key that has a sharp. When we say last, we mean in the order of FCGDAEB.
There’s also a trick for flats! Take the tonic of the key and jump backwards a fifth on the Circle by moving counter-clockwise one step. This again will be the last note in the key that has a flat. For flats, we mean the last note in the order of BEADGCF.
Flats: If we need to formulate the key signature for D-flat Major, we start with Db. We move backwards a fifth to Gb. According to BEADGCF, this key has five flats. Now we cycle around the Circle counter-clockwise starting at B and add E, A, D, and finally G. These are our five flats.
These kind of tricks are unbelievably helpful, and eventually you’ll find that you begin to memorize them and no longer need the shortcuts.
Mnemonic Devices To Remember The Circle of Fifths
A mnemonic device is a tool to help you commit information to memory. There are a handful for the circle to help you remember the order of the notes. In these cases, we create a phrase that tells a story full of imagery and the first letter of each word represents the notes moving either direction around the wheel, depending on if you’re focused on sharps (clockwise) or flats (counter-clockwise).
Notice that two of the above are marked bold. These two mnemonic devices are also the order of the sharps (GDAEBFC) and flats (FBEADGC) for major scales. You can just as easily create some for the minor scales, which go in the same order from a different starting point
KEY SIGNATURE TRICK FOR ACCIDENTAL LABELING
That’s useful if you’ve got time to count your way around the Circle, but here’s another shortcut to save you time. If you’re transcribing or someone asks you not only the number of accidentals but what they are for a particular key, you can use this trick…
Sharps: For B-Major, we start with B and subtract a semitone, which lands us on A#. Now we cycle through the Circle starting at F. This tells us that B-Major has 5 sharps, which are F#, C#, G#, D#, and finally A#.
There’s also a trick for flats! Take the tonic of the key and jump backwards a fifth on the Circle by moving counter-clockwise one step. This again will be the last note in the key that has a flat. For flats, we mean the last note in the order of BEADGCF. Here’s the example so this makes sense:
Flats: If we need to formulate the key signature for D-flat Major, we start with Db. We move backwards a fifth to Gb. According to BEADGCF, this key has five flats. Now we cycle around the Circle counter-clockwise starting at B and add E, A, D, and finally G. These are our five flats.
Interactive Circle of Fifth Chart with Minors / Majors & Flats / Sharps
There have been a lot of attempts out there to make interactive charts in the form of wheels that you can spin around to help you visualize the Circle better for whatever key you’re in. I’ve seen them for guitar and keyboard that make no sense.
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